{"id":3489,"date":"2010-05-20T23:38:37","date_gmt":"2010-05-20T14:38:37","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.shasegawa.com\/?p=3489"},"modified":"2011-09-24T11:23:29","modified_gmt":"2011-09-24T02:23:29","slug":"%e3%80%90global-governance%e3%80%915%e6%9c%8819%e6%97%a5%e3%80%80%e9%95%b7%e8%b0%b7%e5%b7%9d%e7%a5%90%e5%bc%98%e3%80%80%e6%b3%95%e6%94%bf%e5%a4%a7%e5%ad%a6%e6%95%99%e6%8e%88","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.shasegawa.com\/ja\/archives\/3489","title":{"rendered":"\u3010Global Governance\u30115\u670819\u65e5\u3000\u9577\u8c37\u5ddd\u7950\u5f18\u3000\u6cd5\u653f\u5927\u5b66\u6559\u6388"},"content":{"rendered":"

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\nGlobal Governance<\/p>\n

\u25a0\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3000\uff1a\u3000Alternative Approaches to Tadational Theories of International Relations
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\n\uff11\uff0eTraditional mainstream theories of international relations; Realism, Liberalism and Marxism
\n\uff08\uff11\uff09Kenneth Waltz and other structural realists agree with Morgenthau and other classical realists that international politics is essentially a struggle for power, but they do not consider that this is a result of human nature. However, it is due to the lack of a supreme authority above stakes and the relative distribution of power in the international system. This is called Defensive Realism.
\n\uff08\uff12\uff09John Mearsheimer said that the structure of the international system compels states to maximize their relative power position by strengthening military capabilities. This is called Relative gains.<\/p>\n

\uff12\uff0eAlternative approaches to international theories of \u201crealism\u201d and \u201cliberalism\u201d
\n\uff08\uff11\uff09positivism
\nIt consists of 4 points, 1.belief in the unity of science and non-science 2.distinction between facts and values 3.social science, like natural science, has regularities and can be discovered 4. Appeal to neutral facts. This is called empiricist epistemology
\n\uff08\uff12\uff09What is meant by concept of security and difficulties
\nAccording to Barry Buzan, \u201cPeople States and Fear (1983)\u201d, Security in fact consist of not only political, economic, societal, environmental but as well as military. \u201cIn the case of security, the discussion is in the context of the international system, security is about the ability of states and societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity.\u201d He defined. Professor Hasegawa explained about national security, international security, community security, global security, human security and convergent theory.
\n\uff08\uff13\uff09Epistemology
\nIt is a study of how we can claim to know something. There are 2 groups of it. 1, Foundationalist insists that everything can be judged to be true or false. 2, Anti-foundationalist insists that it cannot be judged since there are no neutral grounds to judge.
\n\uff08\uff14\uff09Social Constructivism
\nIt is advocated by Alexander Wendt. Social Constructivists says that the social construction of reality is socially constructed nature of actors and their identity and interests. This is holism or structuralism. They said that the world is social and cannot be decomposed to the properties of already existing actors. Social theory of international relations by Alexander Wendt is that the social structure consisting of not only material resource, shared knowledge and values but also practices.
\n\uff08\uff15\uff09Historical sociology
\nSocial development in history and underlying structure that shapes the institutions and organizations, into which human society is arranged, includes violence, economy, and gender. Historical sociology focused their attention on the relationship between the domestic and the international society. This is the thought of constructivism as well.
\n\uff08\uff16\uff09Post-modernism
\nThey have distrust and deconstruct any claims to have direct references to the truth. They call for suspecting Marxism etc that claim that they have discovered fundamental truth about the world. Michel Foucault was interested in the relationship between knowledge and power. Addition to it, he is against the notion developed by rationalist and positivist that knowledge is immune from the function of power. All power requires knowledge and all knowledge relies on and reinforces existing power relationship.
\n\uff08\uff17\uff09Changing character of war
\nContemporary warfare is influenced by globalization, though nature of war remains constant. War is a brutal form of politics that involves the use of organized violence to get profit of certain group of people which includes terrorism, insurgency, ethnic cleansing, genocide, rape, and other criminal violence. War requires highly organized societies and groups.
\n\uff08\uff18\uff09Rise of civilizational politics in the 21st century
\nSamuel Huntington, in his book \u201cthe clash of civilization\u201d (1996), said that principal patterns of conflict and cooperation will be shaped by culture and ultimately by the civilization. There are 8 main civilizations that would determine the future of international politics; \u201cWestern, Confucian, Japanese, Islamic, Hindu, Slavic-Orthodox, Latin America, and possibly African\u201d. According to Huntington, there are four long processes in the international system. 1st the relative decline of West, 2nd the rise of the Asian economy and its associated cultural affirmation with China poised for becoming the greatest power in human history, 3rd the population explosion in the Muslim world and the associated resurgence of Islam, 4th the impact of globalization including the extraordinary expansion of transnational flows of commerce, information and people.
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